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hamiconexum abundance were used for the entire analyses. Since a laboratory culture of this archaeon is not yet available, natural biofilm samples with high Ca. These aspects were analyzed in depth in this study using environmental transcriptomics combined with imaging methods. Until now little is known about the major protein forming these structured fibrous cell surface appendages, the genes involved or membrane anchoring of these filaments. The uncultivated “ Candidatus Altiarchaeum hamiconexum” (formerly known as SM1 Euryarchaeon) carries highly specialized nano-grappling hooks (“hami”) on its cell surface. 11Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.10Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gene chez les Extrêmophiles, Departément de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.9Core Facility Ultrastructure, Analysis, Center for Medical Research Institute, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.8Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.7Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.6Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.5Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.4Department of Biophysics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.3Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.2Department of Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.1Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.Probst 11, Annett Bellack 2 and Christine Moissl-Eichinger 1,2,12 * Takahashi 5, Musahid Ahmed 5, Gerhard Wanner 6, Andreas Klingl 6, Gerd Leitinger 7, Dagmar Kolb-Lenz 8,9, Simonetta Gribaldo 10, Anna Auerbach 2, Maximilian Mora 1, Alexander J. Perras 1,2, Bertram Daum 3, Christine Ziegler 4, Lynelle K.